雅思閱讀同義詞替換的4大原則

從雅思閱讀考試的題型特性出發(fā)，可以歸類為主旨題和細(xì)節(jié)題。其主旨題考核的是考生的總結(jié)歸納能力，細(xì)節(jié)題則相應(yīng)考核定位查找能力。同時(shí)，這兩類題型都考查對文字的理解，那么我們應(yīng)該怎樣看待“理解”二字呢?

在雅思閱讀考試中，“理解”就是要能夠正確識(shí)別用兩種不同表達(dá)方式描述的同一事物。考查這種“理解”能力的唯一手段就是使用“同義替換”。本文對各種“同義替換”方式進(jìn)行一一拆解，力求各位考生對“同義替換”這一考試工具了如指掌。

1詞性之間的替換
詞性的替換主要是指題目中的關(guān)鍵信息與原文中的內(nèi)容在詞性上做了變化而已。這樣的替換相對來說，難度系數(shù)偏低，只需要考生能夠辨認(rèn)出相同的詞根即可。
Example 1：
Cambridge8，Test3中Q35：Through mutations, organisms can 35 better to the environment.首先通過mutation一詞將此填空題在原文定位到第C段”Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions.”然后尋找空后關(guān)鍵詞better to，根據(jù)空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can推測空格處只能填一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，而且是原形，還要能和to搭配。這么一來，這句話里只有一個(gè)對應(yīng)詞比較合適：adaption，將其變形為動(dòng)詞adapt即可。
Example 2：
Cambridge6，Test2中Q17Q18：This is largely due to developments in 17 , but other factors such as improved 18 may also be playing a part.定位到原文第四段”Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century….”表明有些疾病是被medical advances打敗的。根據(jù)空格前的介詞可以判斷17題缺一個(gè)跟developments相關(guān)的名詞。正確選項(xiàng)是medical的同根詞M(medicine)。而18題是一個(gè)被improved修飾的名詞，原文中improvements是它的同根詞，所以答案是選項(xiàng)J (nutrition)。
這樣的替換，即使單詞是陌生的，卻可以通過相同的詞根或詞形來幫助考生去挑選答案。要想掌握好這樣的替換，也就要求考生盡可能地去多熟悉英語詞匯中各種詞根與詞綴的應(yīng)用。

劍橋閱讀中出現(xiàn)的同根詞變身：
ability → able
diabetic → diabetes
secrete → secretions
fertilise → fertilisers
creativity → creative
investigative → investigate
prefer → preference
emit → emission
predictability → predicted

2同義詞/近義詞之間的替換
同義詞替換是指考題與原文中的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容用同義詞進(jìn)行一種互換。此類替換占據(jù)同義替換現(xiàn)象的大部分內(nèi)容，而且?guī)缀跛械念}型都會(huì)有這樣的替換現(xiàn)象。且大量常見的詞都會(huì)主要是以名詞與動(dòng)詞為主。
Example 3：
Cambridge6，Test4的Q9：Kim Schaefer’s marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds.在原文第三段中定位到”Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment,”其中ethical即為原文中moral的同義詞。
考生只需要在平時(shí)增加詞匯量時(shí)有意識(shí)地去注意一些常見同義詞，雅思閱讀的解答也就變得簡單很多了。其實(shí)嚴(yán)格意義上來講，同義詞應(yīng)該還包括一些常用詞組或短語之間的一種互換。
Example 4：
Cambridge7，Test4的Q19：Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon population.此題為是非判斷題。利用between 1940 and 1959定位到原文第4段Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon population so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. 原文中的crashes與題干中的sharp decrease屬于近義詞(語義相同的詞)之間的替換。
Example 5：
Cambridge6，Test1的Q38Q39：In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their 38 lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on 39 for their food and clothes.定位到原文D段：Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing.題干中提及被迫放棄什么生活方式，因此要求填一個(gè)形容詞來修飾lifestyle。而時(shí)間狀語in recent years是定位詞。按順序原則，原文的時(shí)間狀語over the past 40 years正好跟in recent years對應(yīng)，abandon與give up，ways和lifestyle對應(yīng)，答案便是abandon后面的賓語ways的修飾語nomadic。同時(shí)判斷depend on后面需要填一個(gè)名詞，即依靠什么東西。而后面的food and clothes是非常好的定位詞。很快可以在原文中找到對應(yīng)depend on的rely on,而后面又有food and clothes。因此可以很清楚地判斷出rely on的賓語nature就是答案。

劍橋中出現(xiàn)的同義詞/近義詞
change → shift / revision
overstate → exaggerate
target → goal
comments → feedback
performance → achievement
metropolitan → city
world → global
perceive → sense / feel
calculate → measure
resemble → look like
link to → associated with
expert → scientist
hard to find → elusive

3.否定加反義之間的替換
Example 6：
Cambridge7，Test1的Q33：In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are similar to those used in conventional classes.根據(jù)順序原則以及follow-up可以定位到原文第6段。Such methods are not unusual in language teaching.題干中similar to和原文的not unusual屬于否定加反義之間的替換。
Example 7：
Cambridge8，Test3的Q38：In principle, it is possible for a biological system to become older without ageing.可以定位到原文第三段Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanism for repair.題干中possible是原文not inevitable的否定加反義替換。

劍橋閱讀中出現(xiàn)的否定加反義替換
downward → not rising
not traditional → radical new approaches
with no rain at all →droughts

4.上下義詞之間的替換
所謂上下義，是指替換的詞語之間通常有一種從屬關(guān)系。在雅思的閱讀中這類替換往往出現(xiàn)在段落配對題之中，題目中給的是一個(gè)具有屬性或者是表示概念的詞語，而在原文中出現(xiàn)的替換詞卻是一個(gè)具體或者是細(xì)節(jié)的信息，考察考生對這兩者之間從屬關(guān)系的配對。
Example 8：
Cambridge6，Test3的Q28：Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old。此題為是非判斷題，定位詞為“drugs”，在原文中定位，我們能在文章第一段找到“As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging—the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we get older”。原文中treatment即為題干中drugs的上義詞。
Example 9：
Cambridge7，Test1的Q5：early military use of echolocation 。此段落信息配對題在原文定位的句子是“it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines.之所以這樣定位，就是原文中weapon一詞作為題干中military的下義詞出現(xiàn)。

劍橋閱讀中出現(xiàn)的上下義詞替換
chemical → fertilizer and pesticide
military → Second World War
body language → gesture
farming → grow plants and herd animals
environment → light, sound and warmth
四種難度依次遞增的同意替換，使雅思閱讀的考題顯得變換無窮，同時(shí)也將閱讀的難度提到了一個(gè)不同的高度。所以有很多考生抱怨，題目特點(diǎn)和解題技巧都很清楚，定位詞也能找準(zhǔn)，可就是定位不到題目在原文中對應(yīng)內(nèi)容的位置。其實(shí)這源于考生沒有真正了解雅思閱讀考查詞匯的變形。所以考生只要掌握4、6級(jí)詞匯，熟悉以上四種替換原則，在原文中尋找這些替換表達(dá)，即可快速且準(zhǔn)確地完成定位和答題。

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