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時(shí)間:2016-04-27
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很多準(zhǔn)備托福的同學(xué)都感覺(jué)托福的寫(xiě)作部分比較難,自己總是不得章法。托福中的五大環(huán)節(jié)分別是要切題、有邏輯、有展開(kāi),連貫性,多樣性。這五個(gè)要素相輔相成,缺一不可。那么,留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)的老師就給大家詳細(xì)介紹一下托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的五大環(huán)節(jié)。
1有效闡明主題(effectively addresses the writing topic and task)
審題是第一步,也是最為關(guān)鍵的一步。若是著急下筆,誤解題目,哪怕文章邏輯清晰,表達(dá)流暢多樣也會(huì)無(wú)濟(jì)于事。審題一步錯(cuò),會(huì)步步錯(cuò),與高分背道而馳。以此題為例:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The rules that young people must follow and obey in today’s society are too strict.
考生可能會(huì)有如下思路:
觀點(diǎn):反對(duì) disagree
分論點(diǎn)一:The young no longer can be confined by rules anymore for they have more opportunities to change a place to live or work.
分論點(diǎn)二:As society progress, people are more aware of the importance of education, thus they tend to be more insightful for the importance of freedom and democracy.
讓步段
這樣的思路看起來(lái)不錯(cuò),主體段從兩方面來(lái)論證年輕人并沒(méi)有被嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則所束縛,一是因?yàn)閺目陀^條件來(lái)講,社會(huì)環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的改善,他們有更多機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)改善當(dāng)前情況;二是因?yàn)閺闹饔^來(lái)講,由于人們觀念的扭轉(zhuǎn),年輕人主觀上追求民主和自由,不被限制。
然而,這樣的思路沒(méi)有切題,在“歧途”上沉醉不知?dú)w路。由于題目中有個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,有的考生就會(huì)含糊其辭地去理解題目。但事實(shí)上,這個(gè)題目不是討論規(guī)則是否有用,不討論如何影響年輕人,而是討論電影是否值過(guò)于嚴(yán)格問(wèn)題。所以緊抓焦點(diǎn),隨時(shí)關(guān)注自己要討論的是什么。去掉定語(yǔ)從句,題目為“The rules are too strict.”這樣來(lái)看,此題是事實(shí)類(lèi)題目,論證是否規(guī)則太嚴(yán)格。當(dāng)然,定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容也很重要,論證要聯(lián)系“young people”。
若是反對(duì),便要論證嚴(yán)格規(guī)則的必要性和重要性,從而證明規(guī)則不嚴(yán)格。
觀點(diǎn):反對(duì)Not too strict but necessarily strict to the young
分論點(diǎn)一:Fierce and intense competition requires young people to strictly follow the social rules and improve themselves.
分論點(diǎn)二:The nature of young people is rash, inconsiderate, lack of self-discipline, need to restrict or confine them: driving license, drinking and smoking, taking drugs, surfing in the net café, gambling.
由此可見(jiàn),答題是務(wù)必要審清楚題目再下筆。否則,所有接下來(lái)的展開(kāi)都是枉然。
2結(jié)構(gòu)有條理(well-organized)
文章一定要結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,不可東一榔頭西一棒槌。獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作既要有文章的 “整體脈絡(luò)” ,每一段也要有清晰的脈絡(luò)。就整體脈絡(luò)來(lái)講,一篇托福作文分為三個(gè)部分:開(kāi)頭(introduction);主體(body);結(jié)尾(conclusion)。開(kāi)頭要引入話(huà)題,闡明觀點(diǎn)。主題要針對(duì)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證和支撐。結(jié)尾對(duì)主題觀點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行呼應(yīng)。就主體段來(lái)講,每一個(gè)論點(diǎn)都要有一個(gè)論據(jù);每一個(gè)論據(jù)都要有一個(gè)例子;每一個(gè)例子都要有一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。簡(jiǎn)言之,主體段要言之有理且言之有據(jù)。
例如,針對(duì)外貌是否重要這一話(huà)題,反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的一個(gè)主體段如下:
External appearances always lead to mistakes about a person‘s true character or abilities. (part 1) A plain-looking person can make great achievements. (part 2) Take Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest military leaders and statesmen in France, for example. (part 3) It is well known that Napoleon was very short. He was often laughed at by people around him for his small stature. However, after many years’ struggle, he finally became the Emperor of the French Empire and conquered larger parts of the Europe. (part 4)Napoleon is not a rare case. Actually innumerable famous historical figures were not good looking. Therefore we surely should not judge them by external appearance. (part 5)
Part 1是論點(diǎn),part 2 是論據(jù),part 3 是例子,part 4 是細(xì)節(jié),part 5 是總結(jié)。因此,段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也很清晰。恰如托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的要求:use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. 要求看似簡(jiǎn)單,實(shí)則指出來(lái)不可或缺的幾部分:opinion, reasons, examples. 文章要有整體結(jié)構(gòu),段落也要有清晰的脈絡(luò)。
3論點(diǎn)充分展開(kāi)(well-developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and details)
主體段的展開(kāi)有多種方法,如例證法、因果論證法,對(duì)比論證法。展開(kāi)的模式為:提出分論點(diǎn)---闡釋分論點(diǎn)----給出例子----分析例子----總結(jié)例子或者為:提出分論點(diǎn)---闡釋分論點(diǎn)----說(shuō)理分析(因果、對(duì)比) ----總結(jié)。
例如:題目:人們應(yīng)該和有共同點(diǎn)的人共事還是與有差異性的人共事。
People sharing a similar or even same career could communicate with each other more easily, and thus they influence positively each others wider and deeper.(提出分論點(diǎn)) To illustrate, colleagues can cooperate more effectively if they can relate to each other very well. Students would feel happier if their friends understand them and communicate with them without any barrier. (闡釋分論點(diǎn)) Watson and Crick, for instance, might illustrate this point clearly. (給出例子)Watson and Crick are both molecular biologists, and they are not only partners but also good friends. With their combination of imagination, intelligence, and hard-working, they eventually co-discovered the structure of the DNA molecule: the double helix. Then, of course, they got the Noble Prize for this significant contribution to the entire human race. But if they worked alone on this complicated and huge project, I believe, the prevailing gene engineering might be a no more than a daydream. (分析例子)In this sense, people make friends with similar career could work highly effectively. (總結(jié)例子)
以如上所示的方法展開(kāi)主體段,主體段會(huì)層層遞進(jìn),論證有效地得以展開(kāi)。
4保持連貫性(coherence and unity)
要做到文章連貫,一方面是形式連貫,一方面是邏輯連貫。形式連貫是指句子與句子之間,段落與段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系要有具體的轉(zhuǎn)承詞體現(xiàn),如表轉(zhuǎn)折的However/Nonetheless/In contrast、表遞進(jìn)的in addition/what’s more/moreover/furthermore等。邏輯連貫是指內(nèi)容上的相關(guān)和聯(lián)系,萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可論證與論點(diǎn)及觀點(diǎn)不一致,造成“搬起石頭砸自己的腳”。
5語(yǔ)言多樣性 (syntactic variety)
如果說(shuō)寫(xiě)作的初級(jí)階段還只是要求語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤,用詞基本正確,而寫(xiě)作的更高要求則不只是看你能否表達(dá)思想,而是要看你能否表達(dá)得更生動(dòng)、耐讀、有效、地道。顯然,追求表達(dá)的變化(Variety)是托福高分作文所要求的。具體說(shuō)來(lái),表達(dá)的變化主要指詞的變化和句子的變化以及修辭手段的運(yùn)用。這就要求考生要積累同義替換詞,好的表達(dá)及句式。
希望大家多多練習(xí),爭(zhēng)取早日在托福寫(xiě)作上取得突破。
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