托福寫作指導(dǎo)：提高幸福感的10個(gè)規(guī)律

在托?？荚囍校嘘P(guān)幸福感的考題屢屢出現(xiàn)；為了幫助大家更好地備考，接下來(lái)就為大家提供托福寫作指導(dǎo)：提高幸福感的10個(gè)規(guī)律，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

Money can buy happiness, but up to what point? And does working more make us miserable? And will you be happier if you start your own company? Here's what the research tells us...　　金錢可以買到幸福，但能買到多少幸福呢?另外，工作越多會(huì)讓我們痛苦嗎?如果經(jīng)營(yíng)自己的公司會(huì)更幸福嗎?以下是研究告訴我們的結(jié)果：　　

1) Generally speaking, richer countries are happier countries. But since many of these rich countries share other traits -- they're mostly democracies with strong property rights traditions, for example -- some studies suggest that it's our institutions that are making us happy, not just the wealth.　　通常說(shuō)來(lái)，富有的國(guó)家幸福指數(shù)更高一些。然而，由于許多這些富有的國(guó)家具有其他一些特性——比方說(shuō)，這些國(guó)家大多比較民主，具有強(qiáng)大的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的慣例——因此一些研究顯示，是我們的體制使我們幸福，而不僅僅是財(cái)富。　　

2) Generally speaking, richer people are happier people. But young people and the elderly appear less influenced by having more money.　　通常說(shuō)來(lái)，富有的人幸福指數(shù)更高一些。然而，年輕人和老年人似乎受金錢的影響更小一些?！　?/p>

3) But money has diminishing returns -- like just about everything else. Satisfaction rises with income until about $75,000 (or perhaps as high as $120,000). After that, researchers have had trouble proving that more money makes that much of a difference. Other factors -- like marriage quality and health -- become more relatively important than money. It might be the case that richer people use their money to move to richer areas, where they no longer feel rich. Non-economists might chalk this up to the "keeping up with the Jones'" principle.　　但是金錢帶來(lái)的幸福回報(bào)在遞減——就像其他任何事物一樣。滿足感隨著收入的增長(zhǎng)而增長(zhǎng)，直到年收入達(dá)到75,000美元(或者也可能高達(dá)120,000美元)。在那之后，研究人員就發(fā)現(xiàn)很難證明更多的金錢能起到多大作用了。其他諸如婚姻質(zhì)量和健康這樣的因素相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)變得比金錢更加重要?；蛟S事實(shí)是這樣：富人利用他們的金錢遷到更富有的地區(qū)，而在那里他們卻不再覺得自己富有了。非經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人士大概把這一點(diǎn)歸結(jié)為“互相攀比”原理?！　he diminishing-returns principle is true for entire countries, too... The "Easterlin Paradox" suggests that once a developed country passes a threshold average income, more growth doesn't increase average reported happiness.　　滿足感遞減的原理也適用于所有國(guó)家……“伊斯特林矛盾”表示，一旦一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家超過(guò)了設(shè)定的平均收入水平，那么更多的收入增長(zhǎng)并不會(huì)增加平均的幸福指數(shù)?！　?/p>

4) Income inequality reduces well-being, and higher public spending increases well-being. These conclusions have been reached many times ... and called into question many times. Most interestingly, "perceived social mobility" might mitigate the effects of income inequality. If people think they can move up the income ladder, they're willing to tolerate a larger equality gap.　　收入不均會(huì)降低幸福感，并且更高的公共開支會(huì)增加幸福指數(shù)。這個(gè)論斷已經(jīng)被提及多次……而且曾多次遭到懷疑。更有趣的是，“想象中的社會(huì)流動(dòng)性”或許會(huì)緩和收入不均帶來(lái)的影響。如果人們認(rèn)為他們可以沿著收入的階梯向上攀爬，那么他們?cè)敢馊淌芨蟮氖杖氩罹唷！　?/p>

5) Unemployment just makes you miserable. Across most surveys, nothing correlates with unhappiness more than unemployment, except perhaps for bad health. This effect is particularly strong among men in Great Britain, Germany, and the U.S. There is an odd silver lining: Being around lots of other unemployed people makes us feel better about not having a job. So high-unemployment regions can possibly "neutralize" the negative effects of unemployment -- but that shouldn't make you feel good about them.　　失業(yè)只會(huì)讓你痛苦。大多數(shù)的調(diào)查顯示，大概除了身體不健康，失業(yè)與不幸福的關(guān)系最為密切。失業(yè)帶來(lái)的影響在英國(guó)、德國(guó)和美國(guó)男人中最為強(qiáng)烈。有個(gè)奇怪的說(shuō)法是：如果周圍有很多其他失業(yè)的人，那么我們會(huì)對(duì)于自己失業(yè)這件事感覺沒那么糟。因此高失業(yè)率地區(qū)或許能“抵消”失業(yè)帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響，但是那不應(yīng)該讓你對(duì)于失業(yè)這件事感覺良好。　　

6) Inflation makes you pretty unhappy, too. But its effect is weaker than unemployment. The mixed evidence seems to suggest that a volatile inflation rate decreases well-being, but in countries with generally stable prices, a little inflation has a small effect on happiness.　　通貨膨脹也會(huì)讓你十分不快。但是這帶來(lái)的影響要比失業(yè)弱。各種證據(jù)似乎表明，不穩(wěn)定的通貨膨脹率會(huì)降低幸福感，但是在通常物價(jià)穩(wěn)定的國(guó)家，輕微的通貨膨脹對(duì)于幸福的影響很小?！　?/p>

7) Working more hours makes you happier ... until it makes you miserable. As workers move from part-time work to full-time work, they're happier. But as they move from full-time work to Jesus-when-will-this-day-finally-end work, the joy of labor subsides. There seems to be an "inverse U-shaped relationship" between hours worked and self-reported well-being, although the precise figures differ across countries.　　工作時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)讓你越幸?！钡竭@讓你感到痛苦。當(dāng)人們從兼職工作轉(zhuǎn)為全職工作時(shí)，他們會(huì)感到更加幸福。但是當(dāng)他們從全職工作轉(zhuǎn)為“上帝啊什么時(shí)候今天的工作才徹底結(jié)束”這樣的工作時(shí)，勞動(dòng)的快樂便蕩然無(wú)存。雖然在不同國(guó)家之間得到的精確調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)有所不同，但在工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)和自我的幸福感之間似乎有一個(gè)“反U型關(guān)系”?！　?/p>

8) Commuters are less happy. The studies here are really interesting. Health scientists say that commuting can make you sick and die -- not conducive to happiness. Daniel Kahneman's research on female happiness found that while commuting, women experienced the "lowest ratio of positive to negative emotions during the day." One study pegged the magic number at 22: If your commute is more than 22 minutes, there is an appreciable decline in reported well-being. Yet another study found that for every 10 minutes of additional commuting, community involvement falls by 10 percent.　　每日通勤上下班的人幸福感較低。這里的研究真的非常有趣。健康學(xué)家稱，每天上下班會(huì)讓你生病甚至死亡——對(duì)幸福無(wú)益。丹尼爾-卡尼曼針對(duì)女性幸福感的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)乘公交車上下班時(shí)，女性會(huì)體會(huì)到“一天當(dāng)中積極情緒轉(zhuǎn)為消極情緒的最低點(diǎn)”。一項(xiàng)研究指出了22這個(gè)魔幻數(shù)字：據(jù)報(bào)道，如果你的通勤時(shí)間超過(guò)了22分鐘，那幸福指數(shù)會(huì)有明顯的下降。而另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，乘車上班時(shí)間每增加10分鐘，社區(qū)參與度就會(huì)少10%?！　?/p>

9) Self-employed people are happier. When workers think they're good at their job and that their bosses like them, they're more satisfied. So it makes sense that when they are their own boss, they're happier to work. A famous OECD study found that the self-employed "typically report higher levels of overall job satisfaction than the employed." But another study suggests that only rich self-employed people are happier to be self-employed.　　個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)者更幸福。如果工作者認(rèn)為他們很擅長(zhǎng)自己的工作并且老板也喜歡自己，那么他們就更有滿足感。因此，當(dāng)他們做自己的老板時(shí)，他們工作起來(lái)更幸福，這樣就講得通了。經(jīng)合組織一項(xiàng)著名的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)的人比受雇者更明顯地“有更高的工作滿意度”。但另一個(gè)研究也表明，只有富有的個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)者才比受雇者感覺更幸福?！　?/p>

10) Debt sucks. The kind of debt matters. Mortgage debt doesn't correlate much with happiness. Credit card debt does -- in a negative way. Either way, high debt correlates strongly with anxiety and depression.　　欠債糟糕。債務(wù)的種類很有講究。抵押負(fù)債與幸福的關(guān)聯(lián)并不高。信用卡債務(wù)則很相關(guān)，而且還是負(fù)面影響。不管怎樣，高負(fù)債絕對(duì)會(huì)帶來(lái)焦慮和憂愁。

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