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時(shí)間:2021-07-27
來(lái)源:留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)
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我們知道,托福閱讀的出題方向分為主旨題和細(xì)節(jié)題,那么如何快速把握文章主旨呢?我們?yōu)榇蠹医榻B以下三種行之有效的方法,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助~
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1. 讀標(biāo)題
首先,一篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)由標(biāo)題,開頭段,主體段以及結(jié)尾段組成。托福文章最人性化的一點(diǎn)就是三篇文章都有標(biāo)題,很多同學(xué)讀到這里會(huì)覺(jué)得:老師你這不是在說(shuō)廢話嗎?不,很多人忽略了標(biāo)題的作用。分析一下TPO所有文章的標(biāo)題,大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)托福文章的標(biāo)題形式一共三種:?jiǎn)我恍?,并列型以及限定條件單一型。這樣的標(biāo)題設(shè)計(jì)最大的作用在于,預(yù)告了本文的文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),通過(guò)固定的幾類文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),我們可以預(yù)判此篇文章主要在講什么。我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子:Applied Artsand Fine Arts。
先來(lái)看一下這個(gè)標(biāo)題,是并列型,即有兩個(gè)討論對(duì)象,這種標(biāo)題類型的文章特點(diǎn)是全文有兩個(gè)論述對(duì)象,且排名不分前后,也就是文章會(huì)用相同的篇幅去討論這兩個(gè)對(duì)象。其次,還會(huì)有兩者相同點(diǎn),不同點(diǎn)的比較。那么我們可以預(yù)判一下本文的主旨:比較Applied Arts and Fine Arts的特點(diǎn)。
可是大家想要進(jìn)一步知道:比較的特點(diǎn)是哪一些呢?標(biāo)題能夠傳遞的信息畢竟有限,所以我們需要其他的方法來(lái)深挖一下文章主旨。
2. 開頭段和結(jié)尾段
托福文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)分為三種:總分總,總分和分總。總即代表主旨所在,所以主要會(huì)在開頭段和結(jié)尾段闡述。我們只需要精讀這兩個(gè)段落就可以了。還是以Applied Arts and Fine Arts這篇文章為例,現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)看一下開頭段:
Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.
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如果大家迅速瀏覽一下整個(gè)段亂,會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)本段只出現(xiàn)了applied arts這個(gè)概念,而沒(méi)有關(guān)于fine arts的描述,那么這時(shí)候大家應(yīng)該反應(yīng)出來(lái)本文的結(jié)構(gòu)是分總,即主旨在結(jié)尾段:
Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.
迅速瀏覽完本段會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),fine arts和applied arts這兩個(gè)概念在最后一段的都有論述。并且這句話:It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials. (因此,毫不夸張地說(shuō),純藝術(shù)工藝品的生產(chǎn)者需要克服原材料的限制進(jìn)行生產(chǎn),而從事實(shí)用性工藝品的生產(chǎn)者則依據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)來(lái)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。)大家看到主要的對(duì)比對(duì)象是材料的使用情況。
3. 文章小結(jié)題的introductory sentence
還有一個(gè)抓住文章主旨的小竅門是大家可以參考文章小結(jié)題所給的那一句話,即introdectory sentence,這句話的作用主要就是來(lái)概括全文的中心大意,我們還是來(lái)看Applied Arts and Fine Arts這篇文章的文章小結(jié)題:
Q:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-art objects.
附:托福閱讀常見素材
一、印第安題材
1.白令海峽移民理論
2.印第安文化
3.印第安宗教觀
4.印第安建筑業(yè):大、先進(jìn)。
5.印第安手工業(yè):好。
6.社會(huì)組織結(jié)構(gòu):嚴(yán)密、分工細(xì)、凝聚力強(qiáng)。
7.農(nóng)業(yè)先進(jìn):A. irrigation; B. maize, squash, bean, pea。
二、動(dòng)植物題材(必考)
1.植物學(xué)題材(不多見)
a. 地衣、苔 、真菌、蘑菇最常見。
b. 樹冠上方生物。
c. 植物在生態(tài)平衡中的作用。
2.動(dòng)物學(xué)題材(90%以上)
a. 考普通動(dòng)物為多。最近??鉴B類、螞蟻、動(dòng)物智能與滅絕(聯(lián)系天文學(xué)與冰河理論)。
b. 考動(dòng)物進(jìn)化(evolution)。
c. 考動(dòng)物的分類(classification)
三、美國(guó)歷史題材
1.美國(guó)發(fā)展線索
2.發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲階段
哥倫布(意),為黃金、茶葉、香料
West/East Indian
影響:世界觀變化;國(guó)家形勢(shì)變化;(愛爾蘭——土豆饑荒)
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